D1S1656

Page last updated: 03/17/2023

D1S1656 Variants

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Allele Designation	Allele Size	Instrument	Amp Kit*	Contributor	Verification/ Confirmation Method(s)	Notes	Frequency
7	212.4 bp (ESI) 122.4 bp (ESX)	ABI 3130xl	PowerPlex ESI 16 and ESX 16	Naftaly Einot, Carla Oz, Moshe Spitzen, Shlomit Avraham; Israel Police DNA Biology Lab, Jerusalem, Israel	Multiple extractions from separate samples (Casework and Reference samples), Amplified with ESI and ESX	observed in two completely different profiles
7 [2]	151.69	ABI 3500	GlobalFiler	Hussain M. Alsafiah, Arati Iyengar, Sibte Hadi, Waleed M. Alshlash, William H. Goodwin. Forensic and Applied Sciences/ University of Central Lancashire/ UK	MPS	These alleles were sequenced using ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep (primer mix B) and MiSeq FGx System (Illumina, USA).	1
7 (<8) [2]	122.69	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
7 (<8) [3]	122.77 (ESX 16) and 212.35 (EXI 16)	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex ESX 16 Fast and ESI 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Forensic Centre (NFC)	Re-amplified with ESX 16 and ESI 16 and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
7 (<9) [4]	151.86;147.32	ABI 3500xl	Globalfiler;Powerplex 21	Krystle Oliveire, DNA Analyst. Trinidad and Tobago Forensic Science Centre	Upon running both the reference sample of the victim and the crime scene sample, using Powerplex 21, an off ladder peak was noted directly between D3 and D1 for the duplicate of the reference as well as the crime scene. It was not a PCR or eletrophoretic artifact upon analysis of the profiles. In order to determine which locus the allele belonged to, Globalfiler was used to run a duplicate of the reference sample. With Globafiler, the same off ladder showed up between D10 and D1, closer to the end of the D1 locus. For this reason, it was determined that the allele belonged to the D1 locus and was smaller than allele 9 which is the lowest designation on the ladder for that particular locus. It appears to be a possible allele 7 when extrapolation of sizing data using the different ladders and kits and runs were performed. This is just an estimate however and can never be truly known unless sequencing is performed.		First time observed in casework.
8	169.5	ABI 3130, POP-4	NGM SElect	Peter Schneider, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany	analysis repeated	reference sample, European ancestry	once
8 [2]	155.67	ABI 3500	GlobalFiler	Hussain M. Alsafiah, Arati Iyengar, Sibte Hadi, Waleed M. Alshlash, William H. Goodwin. Forensic and Applied Sciences/ University of Central Lancashire/ UK	MPS	These alleles were sequenced using ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep (primer mix B) and MiSeq FGx System (Illumina, USA).	1
8 [3]	155.94	ABI 3500xl	GlobalFiler	Monika Chakravarty – Forensic Science Laboratory, New Delhi India	Reisolated and reamplified	The commonest variant allele was allele 8 of the D1S1656 locus which was observed 16 times in 600 unrelated individuals, in more numbers in females (12 times) than in males (4 times).	0.0133
9.2	160.67	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Marion Clark, Washington State Patrol Crime Lab	Injected twice on different capillaries		once
10.3	138.15	ABI 3500xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
11.1	140.24	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
11.2	166.82bp, 166.78bp, 166.86bp,166.82bp, 166.85bp, 166.89bp	ABI 3500XL	PowerPlex Fusion 5C	Megan May, Kentucky State Police Central Forensic Lab	re-injection	Present in 4 unknowns and a standard	5
11.3	142.21	ABI 3500xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
11.3 [2]	169.68	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Monica Price, WA State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-direct amp	Convicted offender
12.1	170.64	ABI 3500	PP21	Denise Grover, NT Forensic Biology, Australia	Re-amplification		1
12.3	146.19	ABI 3500xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
12.3 [2]	172.66	ABI 3500	PP21	Francois Chatenay-Lapointe, Rhode Island Blood Center	Re-amplified and re-analyzed	Immigration case	2 in 2986
12.3 [3]	175.1	ABI 3500	GlobalFiler	Tara Scott, Iowa DCI Crime Lab	None	Known Buccal Swab Sample	1
13.1	148.52	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Crime scene sample	1 (first observation)
13.3	192.50	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar Garcia, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
13.3 [2]	192.61	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
13.3 [3]	150.29	ABI 3500xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
13.3 [4]	176.65	ABI 3500	PP21	Massimo Mangiola, Rhode Island Blood Center	Re-amplified & re-analyzed	Immigration case (AM+CH)	2 in 2730
14.1	242.01	ABI 3500xl	ESI	Liron Elkayam, Carla Oz, Israel Police DNA Database	Re-extracted and re-amplified in duplicate	Reported size is average of 242.03 bp and 241.99 bp	1 sample
14.2	153.55	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
15.1	156.58	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
15.1 [2]	182.77	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Matthew Fisher, Washington State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-injection
15.2	246.82, 246.73	ABI 3500	ESI	Carla Oz, Israel Police DNA Biology Lab, Jerusalem, Israel	Extractions from separate samples (casework samples)		2
15.2 [2]	199.47	ABI 310	NGM SElect	Ioulia Skitsa and Alexandra Ampati, DNA Analysis Laboratory, Athens Legal Medicine Department, Greece	Reference sample and vaginal/rectal samples (3 different extractions)	Individual from Russia	1
15.2 [3]	157.77	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Crime scene sample	1 (first observation)
16.1	186.77	ABI 3500	PP21	Denise Grover, NT Forensic Biology, Australia	Re-amplification		1
16.1 [2]	160.72	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
16.1 [3]	187.42	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Brendan Shanahan, Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory	Re- direct amplification	Convicted Offender
16.1 [4]	188.12	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Matthew Fisher, Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory	Re-amplified and re-analyzed	Convicted Offender	1
16.1 [5]	189.29	ABI 3500	GlobalFiler	Meagan Lesser; West Virginia State Police Forensics Laboratory; Biochemistry Section	re amplified	Convicted Offender	1
16.1 [6]	187.79, 187.87	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Kathryn Hoodenpyle St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Crime Laboratory	Re-amplification		1
16.1 [7]	187.78	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Kathryn Hoodenpyle, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Crime Laboratory	Re-amplification		1 sample
16.2	204.75 bp, 204.84 bp	ABI 3130xl	NGM	Naomi Zaken, Carla Oz, Ashira Zamir, Israel Police DNA Database, Jerusalem, Israel	Re-extracted and re-amplified, in duplicate	Samples on FTA cards	1 sample
16.2 [2]	203.35	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Criminal case sample, no suspect
16.2 [3]	161.56	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
17.1	206.30	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Criminal case sample, no suspect
17.1 [2]	253.92 (ESI 17); 193.35 (Globalfiler)	ABI 3130xl	PowerPlex ESI 17 & Globalfiler Express	Paulo Dario, Carina Almeida, Ana Rita Oliveira and Teresa Ribeiro, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences - South Branch, Portugal	Kit overlap, two different samples collected (blood and saliva) and analyzed with different kits	Individual from the South of Portugal	1
17.1 [3]	164.73	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
17.1 [4]	189.82	ABI 3500	Promega PP21	Dawn Thompson, Rhode Island Blood Center	Re-amplified and Re-analyzed	Private case.	1 in 3958
17.2	165.61	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
17.2 [2]	193.21	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Matthew Fisher, Washington State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-injection	convicted offender
18	209.31	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar Garcia, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
18 [2]	209.26	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
18 [3]	209.34	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
18 [4]	209.28	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
18 [5]	209.25	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
18 [6]	209.38	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
18 [7]	209.40	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
18 [8]	209.33	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
18 [9]	209.40	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Criminal case sample, no suspect
18.1	168.74	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
18.1 [2]	197.31-197.39	ABI 3500	Applied Biosystems GlobalFiler	Sabrina Seehafer, DCI Crime Laboratory, Ankeny, IA	Re-amplified in GlobalFiler & seen in question profiles & known buccal profile	known buccal sample & question profiles	3
18.1 [3]	195.61	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Matthew Fisher, Washington State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-injection	convicted offender
18.1 [4]	197.34	ABI 3500xl	GlobalFiler	Misty Marra; MUFSC	re-amped and checked STRbase		1
18.2	169.65	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
19	213.23	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar Garcia, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
19 [2]	213.31	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar Garcia, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Criminal case sample, no suspect
19 [3]	213.45	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Convicted offender sample
19 [4]	213.29	ABI 3500	NGM SElect	Oscar García, Forensic Genetics Department, Autonomous Police of the Basque Country	Reamplified and reanalyzed	Criminal case sample, no suspect
19.1	199.21	ABI 3500xl	Fusion 6C	Monica Price, WA State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-direct amp	Convicted offender
19.2	200.09	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Gina Dembinski, Washington State Patrol Seattle Crime Laboratory	re-injection	tri-allele in oral sample	1
20	201.69	ABI 3500	PP21	Denise Grover, NT Forensic Biology, Australia	Re-amplification		1
20 [2]	175.64	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
20 [3]	202.52 bp	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Monica Price, WA State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-injection	Convicted offender
20.2	206.30, 206.35, 206.39, 206.41	ABI 3500	GlobalFiler	Sabrina Seehafer, DCI Crime Laboratory, Ankeny, IA	Observed within the same case in four separate samples	Observed in known sample, epi fractions for two body swabs from SA Kit, & one question sample outside of SA Kit	1
>21	182.71	ABI 3130xl	ESX 16	Malin Sanga, Swedish National Laboratory of Forensic Science (SKL)	Re-amplified and re-electrophoresed	Crime scene sample	1 (first observation)
21.3	211.32	ABI 3500	GlobalFiler	Hortensia Cano, Valeria Marcucci. Laboratorio de Investigación Forense. Santa Cruz-Argentina	Re-extraction and re-amplified with GlobalFiler and re-amplified with PowerPlex Fusion	Reference sample	1 (first observation)
23	215.10, 215.07	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Kaylene Folks, Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory	Re-extracted the reference sample	reference sample	2
23 [2]	215.34	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Anna JB Wilson, Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory	duplicate amplifications	Reference sample and 2 evidence samples	3
23.3	219.36/216.31	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 5C

24 reported variants as of 11/15/2017

Tri-Allelic Patterns

Allele Designation	Instrument	Amp Kit*	Contributor	Verification/Conformation Method(s)	Notes	Frequency
11, 12, 18.3	ABI 3500	GlobalFiler	Meagan Lesser; West Virginia State Police Forensics Laboratory; Biochemistry Section	re amplified - Allele Size: 168.03, 172.07, 199.36	Convicted Offender	1
12, 13, 15.3	ABI 3500	ESI 16	Horolma Pamjav, Network of Forensic Science Institutes, Institute of Forensic Medicine, DNA Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary		Observed in Hungarian population data	1 in 21,473
12, 16, 17	ABI 3500XL	Fusion 6C	Matthew Fisher, Washington State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-injection	Type 1 - Allele Size: 170.20, 186.51, 190.61
13, 14, 19.3	ABI 3500XL	Global Filer Express/Power Plex Fusion-5c	Central Laboratory for the National DNA Database, Ministry of Justice, Department of Penitentiary Administration, Penitentiary Police- Rome Italy		Allele Size: GFE: 176.01, 180.09, 203.39 FUS: 172.54, 176.63, 200.00
14, 15.3, 20.1 (20.1 is OL)	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Erica Mpoy, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Crime Lab	Extractions from multiple samples	Observed in reference standard and 3 evidence samples. - Allele Size: 204.67, 204.23, 204.51, 204.06	4
13.3, 14, 16.3	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Matthew Fisher, Washington State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-direct amplification	Type 1 - Allele Size: 176.99, 178.08, 189.25
14.3, 15, 16	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Erik Hall, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Crime Lab	Re-extraction	Triallele in reference standard	1
15, 15.3, 16	ABI 3500xl	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	North Carolina State Crime Laboratory	sample re-amped and re-analyzed	Allele Size: (4131, 4467, 10160)	1
15, 16, 17	ABI 3500XL	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Monica Price, WA State Patrol Crime Lab	Re-injection	Type 2, Convicted offender
15.3, 16, 17	ABI 3500	ESI 16	Horolma Pamjav, Network of Forensic Science Institutes, Institute of Forensic Medicine, DNA Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary		Observed in Hungarian population data	1 in 21,473
15.3, 16, 17 [2]	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Erik Hall, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Crime Lab	Reamp	Triallele in reference standard	1
15.3, 16, 17 [3]	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Krista Spear, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Crime Lab	Extractions from separate samples (casework samples)	Allele Size: 185.85, 186.81, 190.93 - Tri-Allelic pattern was observed in the victim's reference as well as evidence samples	1
15.3, 16, 17 [4]	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Erik Hall, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department Crime Lab	Re-amplification	Triallele in reference standard	1
16, 17, 18.3	ABI 3500	ESI 16	Horolma Pamjav, Network of Forensic Science Institutes, Institute of Forensic Medicine, DNA Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary		Observed in Hungarian population data	1 in 21,473
16.3, 17, 18	ABI 3500	PowerPlex Fusion 6C	Mariah Low, Washington State Patrol Marysville Crime Laboratory	observed in multiple samples

5 reported tri-allelic patterns as of

* Use the following abbreviations for amplification kit names:

CO: PE Applied Biosystems COfiler^TM
PR: PE Applied Biosystems Profiler^TM
PS: PE Applied Biosystems Profiler Plus^TM
ID: PE Applied Biosystems Indetifiler™
CV: Promega CTTV^TM
CA: Promega CTTA^TM
PP: Promega PowerPlex^TM
MP: Promega MonoPlex^TM
Other: Please specify

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