Dog STRs

As with human DNA, genetic material obtained from dogs contains short tandem repeat (STR) markers that are highly variable among individuals and thus useful in differentiating between animals. Below is a list of some of the canine STR loci described in the literature thus far.

Loci

Locus	Canine Chromosome	Repeat Motif	Size Range	Reference
PEZ01	7	TACA	95 – 136 bp	StockMarks kit
PEZ02	17	GGAA	104 – 144 bp	Tom et al. 2010
PEZ03	19	GAA	95 – 154 bp	StockMarks kit
PEZ05	12	TTTA	92 – 116 bp	Tom et al. 2010 StockMarks kit
PEZ15	16	AGAA	183 – 249 bp	Berger et al. 2009
PEZ16	27	GAAA	281 – 332 bp	Tom et al. 2010
PEZ17	4	GAAA	191 – 225 bp	Tom et al. 2010
PEZ20	22	AAAT	152 – 202 bp	StockMarks kit
PEZ21	2	AAAT	83 – 103 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH2001	23	GATA	119 – 160 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH2004	11	AAAG	233 – 325 bp 161 – 257 bp	Tom et al. 2010 van Asch et al. 2009
FH2010	24	ATGA TTCA	222 – 243 bp 154 – 170 bp	Tom et al. 2010 van Asch et al. 2009 StockMarks kit
FH2017	15	AGGT/AGAT/GATA	257 – 276 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH2054	12	GATA	139 – 177 bp	Tom et al. 2010 Finnzymes kit StockMarks kit
FH2088	15	TTTA/TTCA	94 – 138 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH2107	3	GAAA	292 – 426 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH2309	1	GAAA	340 – 428 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH2328	33	GAAA	171 – 213 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH2361	33	GAAA TTTC	323 – 439 bp 231 – 347 bp	Tom et al. 2010 van Asch et al. 2009
FH2079	24	GGAT	263 – 299 bp	Berger et al. 2009 StockMarks kit
FH3313	19	GAAA	341 – 446 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH3377	3	GAAAA	183 – 305 bp	Tom et al. 2010
FH2658	14	GAAA	106 – 138 bp	van Asch et al. 2009
FH3210	2	AAGA	230 – 315 bp	van Asch et al. 2009
FH3241	8	TTCT	250 – 270 bp	van Asch et al. 2009
FH4012	15	TTTC	119 – 143 bp	van Asch et al. 2009
REN214L11	16	GAAT	154 – 162 bp	van Asch et al. 2009
C38	38	TTCT	132 – 217 bp	van Asch et al. 2009
VWF.X	27	AGGAAT	151 – 187 bp	Tom et al. 2010
IPAX1	X	AGAT	122 - 134 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX2	X	ATAG	171 - 183 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX3	X	AAAT	287 - 303 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX4	X	AGAA	296 - 316 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX5	X	TTTC	249 - 274 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX6	X	AAAT	125 - 145 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX7	X	TTCT	86 - 122 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX8	X	AAAG	294 - 314 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX9	X	TTTC	206 - 238 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
IPAX10	X	ATAA	209 - 217 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
POLA104	X	AAAT	306 - 334 bp	van Asch et al. 2010
FH2548	X	TTTC	199 - 219 bp	van Asch et al. 2010

New Tetranucleotide STR Loci described in Wictum et al. 2012 (information kindly supplied by Elizabeth Wictum, bethw@ucdavis.edu)

Locus Name	Canine Chromosome	Repeat Motif	Size Range, bp	Size Range, repeats	Repeat Structure
VGL0760	7: 60065445	AAGA	276-340	11-27.2	[AAGA]_n AAAA [GAAA]_n AAGA

VGL0910	9: 10224058	GAAA	282-350	12-27.1	[GAAA]_n GAAC

VGL1063	10: 63191724	AAAG	86-138	8-22	AAAA [AAAG]_n AAAT [AAAG]_n

VGL1165	11: 65356234	TTTC	191-271	13-33	[TTTC]_n TTTT [TTTC]_n

VGL1541	15: 41210435	CTTT	184-240	13-27	[CTTT]_n CTTC [TTTC]₂ TTTT CTTT CATT

VGL1606	16: 6468079	GAAA	272-340	11-26.3	[GAAA]_n

VGL1828	18: 28419883	TTCT	220-284	12-28	[TTCT]_n TTTT [TTCT]_n TTCG

VGL2009	20: 9290711	TATC	144-184	7-18	[TATC]_n TACC [TATC]₇ TATG

VGL2136	21: 36673167	AAGA	91-135	8-19	[AAGA]_n

VGL2409	24: 9197210	[AATT] [CTTT]	108-156	11-22	[AATT]₂ [CTTT]_n CTTG

VGL2918	29: 18216971	ATAG	188-260	7-23.3	[ATAG]_n ATAA

VGL3008	30: 8845920	GGCT TGCT TTCT	110-178	10-26	[GGCT]_1-3 [TGCT]_1-3 [TTCT]_n

VGL3112	31: 12944088	GATA	185-217	10-18	[GATA]_2-3 AATA [GATA]_n

VGL3235	32: 35527890	AAAG	267-327	9-23	[AAAG]_n

VGL3438	34: 38458581	AGAA	136-188	10-23	[AGAA]_n

Population Data

[Excel file] Wictum, E., et al. (2012) Developmental validation of DogFiler, a novel multiplex for canine DNA profiling in forensic casework, Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. (in press), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.07.001.

[Excel file] Kanthaswamy, S., et al. (2009). Canine population data generated from a multiplex STR kit for use in forensic casework. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54, 829-840.

[Run-to-run sizing data] provided by Sree Kanthaswamy

[Observed STR allele frequencies] provided by Sree Kanthaswamy

Publications:

Berger, B., et al. (2008). Forensic canine STR analysis. In Coyle, H.M. (ed.) Nonhuman DNA Typing: Theory and Casework Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press; Chapter 4, pp. 45-68.

Berger, C., et al. (2009). Canine DNA profiling in forensic casework: the tail wagging the dog. Forensic Science Review, 21, 1-14.

Brauner, P., et al. (2001). DNA profiling of trace evidence —mitigating evidence in a dog biting case. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46, 1232-1234.

Clarke, M., & Vandenberg, N. (2010). Dog attack: the application of canine DNA profiling in forensic casework. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, 6, 151-157.

Dayton, M., et al. (2009). Developmental validation of short tandem repeat reagent kit for forensic DNA profiling of canine biological material. Croatian Medical Journal, 50, 268-285.

DeNise, S., et al. (2004). Power of exclusion for parentage verification and probability of match for identity in American Kennel Club breeds using 17 canine microsatellite markers. Animal Genetics, 35, 14-17.

Eichmann, C., et al. (2004). A proposed nomenclature for 15 canine-specific polymorphic STR loci for forensic purposes. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 118, 249-266.

Eichmann, C., et al. (2004). Canine-specific STR typing of saliva traces on dog bite wounds. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 118, 337-342.

Eichmann, C., et al. (2005). Estimating the probability of identity in a random dog population using 15 highly polymorphic canine STR markers. Forensic Science International, 151, 37-44.

Halverson, J., et al. (1999). Microsatellite sequences for canine genotyping. U.S. Patent 5,874,217.

Halverson, J., & Basten, C. (2005). A PCR multiplex and database for forensic DNA identification of dogs. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50, 352-363.

Hellmann, A.P., et al. (2006). A proposal for standardization in forensic canine DNA typing: allele nomenclature of six canine-specific STR loci. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51, 274-281.

Ichikawa, Y., et al. (2001). Canine parentage testing based on microsatellite polymorphisms. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science, 63, 1209-1213.

ISAG Canine Marker Panels: http://www.isag.us/Docs/consignmentforms/2005ISAGPanelDOG.pdf

Kanthaswamy, S. (2009). Development and validation of a standardized canine STR panel for use in forensic casework. Final report for NIJ Grant 2004-DN-BX-K007. Available at http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/226639.pdf.

Kanthaswamy, S., et al. (2009). Canine population data generated from a multiplex STR kit for use in forensic casework. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54, 829-840.

Koskinen, M.T., & Bredbacka, P. (1999) A convenient and efficient microsatellite-based assay for resolving parentages in dogs. Animal Genetics, 30, 148-149.

Muller, S., et al. (1999). Use of canine microsatellite polymorphisms in forensic examinations. Journal of Heredity, 90, 55-56.

Pádár, Z., et al. (2001). Canine microsatellite polymorphisms as the resolution of an illegal animal death case in a Hungarian zoological gardens. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 115, 79-81.

Pádár, Z., et al. (2002). Canine STR analyses in forensic practice: observation of a possible mutation in a dog hair. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 116, 286-288.

Shutler, G.G., et al. (1999). Removal of a PCR inhibitor and resolution of DNA STR types in mixed human-canine stains from a five year old case. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44, 623-626.

Sundqvist, A.-K., et al. (2008). Wolf or dog? Genetic identification of predators from saliva collected around bite wounds on prey. Conservation Genetics, 9, 1275-1279.

Sutter, N.B., & Ostrander, E.A. (2004). Dog star rising: the canine genetic system. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5, 900-910.

Tom, B.K., et al. (2010). Development of a nomenclature system for a canine STR multiplex reagent kit. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 55, 597-604.

van Asch, B., et al. (2009). A new autosomal STR nineplex for canine identification and parentage testing. Electrophoresis, 30, 417-423.

van Asch, B., Alves, C., Santos, L., Pinheiro, R., Pereira, F., Gusmão, L., Amorim, A. (2010). Genetic profiles and sex identification of found-dead wolves determined by the use of an 11-loci PCR multiplex. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 4, 68–72.

van Asch, B., et al. (2010). A framework for the development of STR genotyping in domestic animal species: characterization and population study of 12 canine X-chromosome loci. Electrophoresis, 31, 303-308.

Wictum, E., et al. (2012) Developmental validation of DogFiler, a novel multiplex for canine DNA profiling in forensic casework, Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. (in press), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.07.001.

Zenke, P., et al. (2011). Population genetic study in Hungarian canine populations using forensically informative STR loci. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 5, e31-e36.

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Last Updated: 08/01/2012